This conclusion, based on ground-based measurements, four It is now well established that the Antarctic ozone hole is caused by anthropogenicĮmissions of halocarbons. International effort to understand and assess the problem and to take appropriate actions. Thus, changes in the amount of stratospheric ozone alter, theīiosphere's exposure to this harmful radiation.Ĭoncern about stratospheric ozone depletion has motivated a concerted The middle atmosphere contains the ozone layer that shields the biosphere from Processes operate and interact, studies of the middle and upper atmospheres haveġ. In addition to contributing to understanding of how various physical and chemical Yee andĪssociates, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Ionospheric layer and excite and dissociateĪtmospheric species. These include nacreous and noctilucentĬlouds, the aurora, and the attenuation of selected Showing the altitude range over which they are Various processes of interest are depicted, (Courtesy of Janet Kozyra, University of Michigan.)Ītmospheric thermal structure and electron (ion)Ĭontent. Processes are frontier areas in scientific research.
Relative importance of, and interplay among, these Middle and upper atmosphere, along with energyĪnd momentum inputs from above and below. Magnetospheric influences on the ionospheric plasma and electrodynamicįeedbacks to the magnetosphere are treated in Chapter 3.įile:///C|/SSB_old_web/strach4.html (1 of 17) įIGURE 12 Global view of energetic, dynamic, andĬhemical processes that influence the state of the PART III considers those processes internal to the middle and upper atmospheres, as well as theĪPPENDIX influences of upper atmospheric processes on the nature of magnetosphere-ionosphere An important aspect of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-ĬHAPTER 4 atmosphere system is the presence of strong and interactive coupling processes thatĬHAPTER 5 influence the time-evolution and dynamical properties of each element.
PARCHER WAVES 9 FREE
The ions and free electrons that are present above 60 km at day and 100 km atĬHAPTER 3 night form the ionosphere. Upper atmosphere in the context of the present report extends roughly from 100 km toĬHAPkm. The middle atmosphere is definedĪs the region between the tropopause (10 to 15 km altitude) and about 100 km, while the Figure 13 illustrates the different layers of this atmospheric regionĪnd some of the important processes that occur there. Processes that redistribute energy from the individual source regions throughout the layer The interplay between these inputs and the REPORT MENU dynamical, and chemical transports of energy. Waves and turbulence, photochemical reactions, the global electrical circuit, and radiative, Processes in the middle and upper atmosphere, including global-scale winds, gravity Radiation, thunderstorm electric fields) drive many interacting physical and chemical Influences from above (solar radiation, energetic particles, magnetospheric electric fieldsĪnd currents, meteors) and from below (trace gases, atmospheric waves, infrared Figure 12 gives a global view of the chemical, dynamical, andĮnergetic processes that are thought to determine the properties of this transition region.
Upper atmosphere, which provides a complex interface between the lower atmosphere and The Middle and Upper Atmospheres and TheirĪbove the atmospheric region where "weather" takes place lies the middle and Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.Ī Science Strategy for Space Physics: Chapter 4 Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book.
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